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margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 32px; padding: 0px; clear: both; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.544px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">154『工艺流程设计</strong></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">』</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; 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overflow: hidden; background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); border-width: 5px; border-radius: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(255, 202, 0); box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset; line-height: 0; letter-spacing: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; border-color: rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 202, 0) rgb(255, 202, 0); border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0px; border-style: none solid solid; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 20px 0px 13px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 35px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; font-family: &quot;思源黑体 CN Regular&quot;, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;各位朋友大家好。欢迎来到Tonii老师精益讲堂。接下来Tonii老师将带领大家进入每天5分钟精益伴你行系列课程。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 35px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; font-family: &quot;思源黑体 CN Regular&quot;, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;今天我们学习的是<strong>工艺流程设计</strong>。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 35px; margin-bottom: 16px;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 17px; text-indent: 43px; letter-spacing: 1.8px;"><font face="思源黑体 CN Regular, sans-serif">&nbsp;</font></span><span style="letter-spacing: 2px; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 43px;">运营管理的职责是在客户需要的时候，以最低的成本和最高的效率及生产率为客户提供所需要的、能满足其质量要求的产品和服务。流程设计（processes design) 是使运营管理达到这些目标的手段。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">流程是一种做事情的方法，通常涉及多个步骤或作业。流程设计就是对这些步骤的开发和设计。关于流程为大家介绍两个常用的概念：</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">嵌套</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">( nesting)</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。审视流程层次的另一种方法叫作嵌套。几个小的流程相连形成ー个较大的流程。如图所示，零层显示了一系列步骤，每个步骤可能又会有它自己的一系列子步骤。零层的一项作业的组成部分展开后显示在一层中。嵌套可以继续展开到更细的层次。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 35px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.9201183431952663" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/x7XibiaRviayZjZfic76RBmzqRRJjsD6lx6elHO6IhvWorfRVxOBUNibOuUD7hvESWqq2cYcJlLwpdNbEmxs3Qg8QlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="676" _width="261px" src="//cdn-2c-02.industics.com/public/upload/image/20210415/1618479199890311.jpeg" crossorigin="anonymous" alt="图片" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; float: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; height: 292px; width: 323px; visibility: visible !important;" width="323" height="292"/><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></span></strong></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">大规模定制</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">( mass customization)</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。流程柔性的最新变化产生了一个称为大规模定制的概念。假如一项作业设计得足够灵活高效，那么它将会生产出与大规模生产的产品成本大致相同的定制化产品(根据客户需求定制)。一般来说，定制需要具备根据客户要求迅速地重新设计和生产一个产品或服务的能力。在某些情况下，定制会在最后阶段发生。无论是哪一种定制，其关键都是要充分了解客户需求，并将之与柔性、敏捷性结合在一起，以此为核心来设计产品和流程。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">接下来我们讲讲在设计工艺流程时必须考虑的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">六个基本因素：</strong></span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">产品设计和质量水平</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。产品设计决定了如何将原材料和部件加工为产品成品所需的基本工艺流程。例如，如果要烤一块牛排，那么该流程必须包括烧烤作业在内。通常，流程设计师可以从多种不同的机器或工艺中进行选择来完成这项工作。所选择的机器或工艺主要取决于要生产的数量、可用的设备及所需的质量水平。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">所期望的质量水平会影响工艺流程设计，因为通过流程生产的产品必须能够达到质量水平，并能够不断反复地达到。如果不是这样，生产运营部门就无法制造出所需要的产品，除非进行成本高昂的检验和返工。工艺流程设计师必须熟知设备和流程的能力，并选择能够以最低成本达到所需质量水平的设备和流程。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">需求模式和所需柔性</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。如果对某种产品的需求发生变化，工艺流程必须具有足够的柔性来对这些变化做出快速反应。例如，如果一家提供全方位服务的餐厅出售多种食品，餐厅的加工流程必须足够灵活，能够从烤汉堡转为做比萨。相反，如果一家比萨店只卖比萨，那么流程就不需要设计成能够制作其他种类的食品。柔性流程的实现要求具有柔性的设备和能够从事多种不同工作的员工。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">数量/产能考量</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。产品设计、生产数量和工艺流程设计之间是密切相关的。产品设计和工艺流程设计都取决于所需生产的数量。例如，只需生产1个单位的产品与生产10万个单位的产品所需的设计和工艺将大不相同。下图显示了这三者之间的关系。注意，这三者都直接与客户相联系。</span><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.7227414330218068" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/x7XibiaRviayZjZfic76RBmzqRRJjsD6lx6eYEUwXFibt1YnLgN4LS8eatyHaaq8kXnl6FmNIRBUIYRDYbbKS76QFgg/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="642" _width="642px" src="//cdn-2c-02.industics.com/public/upload/image/20210415/1618479200386561.gif" crossorigin="anonymous" alt="图片" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; height: 230px; width: 290px; visibility: visible !important; float: left;" width="290" height="230"/><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">客户参与</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。常用的有五种制造战略——按订单设计、按订单生产、按订单配置、按订单装配、按库存生产；每一种战略都要求客户的参与。充分理解和满足客户的需求才能在工艺流程设计中选择合适的战略并并加以落实。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">环境考虑</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。如同产品设计一样，流程设计也应当对环境产生最小的影响。此外，还应当考虑尽可能消耗最少的能源。这种考虑会对流程的运行产生直接的影响。油漆工作常常要使用溶剂和其他化工品，而它们往往对环境和工人造成危害。而开发出来的水基涂料则减少了毒物排放和清扫工作。涂料和用于涂刷的设备常常都很贵，但是公司可以在节省了清扫和工人防护装备方面取得收益，并做到可持续的发展。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">制造或购买决策</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。制造商可以选择自己制造零部件，或是从外部供应商那里购买部件。很少有企业全部由自己制造，或全部从外部购买。比如，北美的制造商平均所购买的部件成本超过其所制造的产品成本的50%。因此需要就哪些部件自己生产，哪些从外部购买做出决策。虽然成本是主要的决定因素，但还有很多需要考虑的因素。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">对于诸如螺母、螺栓、电机或公司通常不制造的部件来说，自制或外购的决策是显而易见的。然而对于其他属于公司专业领域的元件来说则需要专门做出决策。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">由于供应链变得更加紧密联系，供应来源也变得更加全球化，因此外购还是自制的决策也变得更加复杂。例如，汇率、在途库存水平、在途时间对提前期的影响，以及政府管制等都成了自制或外购决策中所需要考虑的因素。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 43px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在结尾Tonii老师还是抛出一个小问题，希望大家可以根据今天的学习内容进行思考，并欢迎留言与Tonii老师进行深入交流。</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 43px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 43px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">每日一问：关于影响工艺流程设计的因素，除了文中提到的六大基本因素以外，还有哪些是需要考虑的呢？</span></strong></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 43px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></span></strong></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(240, 176, 121); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 43px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: black; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></span></strong></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 35px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; font-family: &quot;思源黑体 CN Regular&quot;, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&nbsp;今天的课程就到这里，感谢大家！</span></p><p style="letter-spacing: 1.8px; margin-bottom: 16px; 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